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1 Method of soil testing and formula fertilization 1.1 Collecting soil samples Soil samples are generally collected after autumn harvest. The main requirements for sampling are: Site selection and soil collection should be representative. From the situation of collecting soil in the past, many peasants and even some technicians did not pay enough attention to sampling and could not strictly implement the operating procedures. The soil samples obtained were not representative. Collecting soil samples is the basis for balanced fertilization. If sampling is not allowed, the scientific nature of balanced fertilization is fundamentally lost. In order to understand the nutrient supply status of the soil layer in the crop growth period, the sampling depth is generally 20cm. If the root length of the crop is longer, the soil layer can be appropriately deepened.
Sampling generally takes 3.33~6.67hm2 as a unit. Of course, this must be determined according to the actual situation. If the plot area is large and the fertility is similar, the sampling area can be enlarged; if it is a sporadic farmland or land, the fertility changes. Large, sample representative area can also be smaller. Sampling can be selected from 5 points in the east, west, south, north, and middle, remove the topsoil cover, cut into sections at the standard depth, and evenly take the soil by the soil layer. Then, the soil samples collected at each spot were mixed, and the number of samples was reduced by a quarter-by-one method. Finally, about 1 kg was left. The obtained soil sample is loaded into a bag and labels are placed inside and outside the bag, indicating the sampling location, date, sampling person, and analysis.
1.2 To determine the content of laboratory tests for soil, consider both need and possible aspects. According to the current farmers' actual bearing capacity for laboratory tests, only some major projects with relatively large correlations can be selected. The instrument for testing the soil is a soil tester and the measurement result is accurate. There are five basic tests commonly used throughout the country, namely alkaline nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium, organic matter and pH. Among these five items, alkaline nitrogen, available phosphorus, and available potassium are the three major nutrients that reflect soil fertility. Two items of organic matter and pH can be used as reference projects. Targeted micronutrients can be tested according to needs. Soil testing should be accurate and timely. The data obtained from the laboratory tests should be filled in by the farmers and recorded in a record, loaded into a fertility archive, entered into a computer, and established a soil database.
1.3 The formula formulation was selected by agricultural experts and professional agricultural scientists. First, farmers should provide crops cultivated on plots and their planned production indicators. Agricultural science and technology personnel select the fertilizer ratio and the amount of fertilizer according to the amount of fertilizer required by the crop, the amount of fertilizer supplied by the soil, and the utilization rate of different fertilizers in the season. This fertilizer formula should be implemented in the test plots to farmers, according to households according to crop prescribing, so that farmers can buy fertilizer according to the party, the right medicine.
1.4 Processing Formula Fertilizer Formulation Fertilizer production requires strict organization and serialized services. Therefore, the province has established a balanced fertilization technology industry collaboration network. This collaborative network integrates industry authorities, education, scientific research, promotion, fertilizer companies, and rural service organizations. It implements unified soil testing, unified formulation, uniform fertilizer supply, and unified technical guidance to serve the majority of farmers. The first stage of the production of formula fertilizer is to use the raw material fertilizer with good quality and reasonable price. The second stage is the scientific allocation of fertilizer. The county agricultural technology promotion department has established a fertilizer plant in a unified manner.
1.5 According to the practice of applying fertilizers for soil testing after the purchase of fertilizers in recent years, the supply methods for formula fertilizers have been explored in some places. After the county agricultural technology promotion center formulates soil tests, formulate the recipes according to the list of farmers by crops, county promotion center, township comprehensive service station and farmer household. The agricultural comprehensive service station or the county promotion center will be sold to the farmers according to the prescription. Science itself is rigorous and must not be sloppy.
In the United States, about one-fifth of the cultivated land has been field-tested and formulated using satellites. In simple terms, they determined a number of fertilizer formulations adapted to different crops based on different soil fertility conditions. When the sowing and fertilizing machinery operates in the field, satellites monitor the position of the machine and connect it with the computer system that controls the fertilization formula. Which type of soil the machine goes to? The satellite information system controls which mode of fertilization the computer uses. This kind of fertilization is variable and accurate. This is the most advanced scientific fertilization method in the world today. The balanced fertilization that we are now engaged in should be said to be a transitional stage, but the development trend is becoming more and more scientific. We must conscientiously solve the problems that have arisen in the past that “only tested soil without formulas and formulas did not buy fertilizers by sideâ€, fully implemented the balanced fertilization operation procedures, and continuously improved the scientific level.
1.6 Most scientific fertilizer formulations are used as base fertilizers for one-time application. It is necessary to grasp the depth of fertilization, control the distance between the fertilizer and the seed, and effectively meet the fertilizer requirements in the seedling stage and the growth and development stages of the crop as much as possible. As a top-dressing fertilizer, it is necessary to look at the sky, see the land, watch the crops, grasp the timing of fertilizer application, promote water application and deep application, and increase the utilization rate of fertilizers.
1.7 Field monitoring Balanced fertilization is a dynamic management process. After using the formula fertilizer, observe the growth and development of the crop, depending on the result of the harvest. From the analysis, make an investigation. Under the guidance of agricultural experts, grassroots professional agricultural scientists and technicians combined with farmer households, Shimoda monitoring, detailed records, including management files, and timely feedback to experts and technical consulting systems, as an important basis for adjustment and revision of balanced fertilizer formulations.
1.8 Revision Formulas Balanced fertilization tests in our province are generally conducted once a year. According to the data obtained from soil testing and field monitoring, the agricultural expert group and the professional agricultural science and technology consulting group jointly analyzed and studied, revised and determined the fertilizer formula, making the technical measures of balanced fertilization more realistic and scientific. This kind of amendment is in full compliance with the objective laws of scientific development. Each iteration is a deepening and improvement.
2 Soil testing and formula fertilization should pay attention to the problems (1) the implementation of organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer application of fertilizer principles.
(2) Effectively balance the nutrient balance between N, P, and K, and nutrients between large amounts of nutrients and trace elements.
(3) Three kinds of fertilization methods, including basal fertilizer, seed fertilizer, and topdressing, can be flexibly controlled.
(4) Deeply comprehend the theory of "nutrient return", "minimum nutrient law", "regression of diminishing returns" and "factor comprehensive effect law".
(5) Comprehensively evaluate five fertilization indicators such as yield, quality, economy, ecology, and improved soil.
(6) Comprehensively apply 6 fertilization techniques such as fertilizer type (cultivar), fertilization amount, nutrient allocation ratio, fertilization time, fertilization method, and fertilization position.
The specific process of soil testing and formula fertilization
Soil testing and formula fertilization is internationally known as balanced fertilization. This technology is an advanced agricultural technology that the United Nations has promoted throughout the world. The application of soil testing and formulated fertilization can not only increase the utilization rate of chemical fertilizers, obtain stable and high yields, but also improve the quality of agricultural products. It is a technical measure to increase production, save fertilizer and reduce expenditures. The method of soil testing and formulating fertilization and the problems to be noted are as follows.