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Foreword
Clusters or clusters are intended to have the same or similar things in one place. As early as the 1970s or earlier, foreign scholars (Czamanskis 1974) introduced clusters to economics and proposed industrial clusters. The concept of "industrial cluster", in 1990, Professor Porter of the United States re-raised the concept of industrial clusters in the book "National Competitive Advantage" and analyzed the competitive advantage of a country or region by using the method of industrial clusters. From then on, the concept of industrial clusters was obtained. Scholars generally accepted it and became popular. According to Professor Porter’s understanding, an industrial cluster is an organic whole composed of enterprises and other corresponding agencies that are closely related to each other in an industrial field. Industrial clusters should at least include the following factors: First, they are related to a certain industrial field. In general, companies and other organizations within an industrial cluster are often associated with a certain industrial field, which is the basis for the formation of industrial clusters. Second, there are close links between companies and other organizations within the industrial cluster. The enterprises and related institutions in the industrial cluster are not isolated, but are one node in the entire contact network. This is the key to the formation of industrial clusters. Third, industrial clusters are a complex organic whole. Within the industrial cluster, not only the enterprise, but also the relevant chambers of commerce, associations, banks, intermediary agencies, etc., is a complex organic whole, which is the entity composition of the industrial cluster.
At present, after the country has written industrial clusters into medium and long-term development plans, it has also incorporated them into their respective “Eleventh Five-Year Planâ€. It is undeniable that industrial clusters have indeed played an important role in promoting regional economic development. With the development of the country's industrial process, construction machinery and auto parts industry will also usher in the era of industrial clusters. Close-up shots of this issue will lock this field, and together with you will amplify the development process of the industry cluster of parts and components industry......
(A) Construction Machinery Parts
China's construction machinery industry is undergoing major development. Various regions have invested heavily in the construction machinery industry. A serious problem has emerged: a large amount of investment is mainly concentrated on the main engine, and investment in spare parts is less; the product structure of various regions and enterprises is similarly prominent. Not only is the parts and components company small, but the size of the host company is also small. All kinds of host company's products supporting parts and components rely on imports, localization of supporting less, the level of domestic parts and components can not meet the development of the host enterprise, and construction machinery related industries more behind the needs of the development of construction machinery.
The construction machinery industry needs to change the "lagoon" and relative backwardness of the current mainframe products. One way to choose is to uphold and develop a path of professional cooperation and give full play to the enthusiasm of localities and enterprises. Under the guidance of the government, through the market mechanism to reorganize the enterprise, a number of construction machinery industry clusters and cluster areas consisting of host companies, parts and components companies, and related industrial enterprises are formed nationwide, relying on the agglomeration effects and competitive advantages of distinctive industrial clusters. Accelerate the upgrading and development of the construction machinery and parts industry.
"On Sword" - Advantages of Industrial Clusters
Resource allocation advantages
All kinds of resources are allocated in the competition of industrial clusters, and many of the construction machinery and its parts and components companies in the market are reorganized into several industrial cluster areas.
Within each industrial cluster area, there are multiple industrial clusters. Each industrial cluster can be one or several parts production companies, or it can be one or several main production companies as a leader, gather a group of parts suppliers and supply cooperation. Corporate and related industry companies. The clusters within the industrial cluster area and the enterprises within an industrial cluster can share technical information and personnel through certain systems, strengthen exchanges and cooperation, and make full use of resources. Especially at present, on the one hand, there are companies that lack funds and high-level talents. On the other hand, a large number of private capital under the rapid development of construction machinery, have repeatedly created a variety of engineering machinery host companies, so that resources and personnel are dispersed. Due to the availability of foreign parts and components, the spare parts for construction machinery that are in urgent need of development are not able to invest in capital and high-level talents. The establishment of industrial clusters can focus on the development of funds and talents, plus the government's public funding for R&D investment, and the cooperation between OEMs and OEMs to accelerate the technological innovation and progress of parts and components companies. After a period of hard work, the level of parts and components will gradually be upgraded to a world-class level within the cluster area.
Low cost advantage
First of all, there are certain scales in industrial clusters where there are multiple host companies or parts companies leading the industry. In this way, small and medium-sized enterprises in the cluster area can specialize in one part, or even one or several processes, to realize large-scale specialized production of this part or process. Specialized production leads to the application of specialized technologies and equipment, which is conducive to innovation, and can also significantly reduce production costs. It also reduces the investment and personnel of individual enterprises, and is conducive to the development of a large number of small and medium-sized enterprises in the cluster area. Second, an industrial cluster can establish an R&D center within the industrial cluster area. Due to the concentration of many technical personnel in the same industry within the cluster area, the knowledge of the industry has a common cognitive structure, and it is easy to realize knowledge exchange and sharing. Several R&D centers between clusters can learn from each other to establish long-term agreement and cooperation, and carry out technical R&D of components and mainframes. This will not only reduce R&D costs, but also improve R&D level and efficiency. Thirdly, because of the long-term and stable cooperation relationship between enterprises in one or more industrial clusters within the industrial cluster area, the search for suitable partners, the negotiation of contracts, the supervision of the execution of contracts, and the responsibility of one party for breach of contract The cost of investigating such transactions is greatly reduced. Fourth, because enterprises are clustered within a cluster, not only shorten the transportation distance of materials and components, but also facilitate implementation of punctual production and reduce logistics costs.
Regional economic development advantages
The development of regional economy must establish pillar industries and leading industries. The advantages of a regional economy are reflected in the competitive advantages of the industry in the region. The construction machinery industry is a capital-intensive, technical, and labor-intensive industry. It is also a highly-stimulating industry and needs the support of developed related industries. Therefore, the establishment of a cluster of construction machinery industry can not only enhance the level and level of regional economic development, but also increase the regional economy. Domestic and international competitiveness, as well as the development of service industries such as leasing, transportation and maintenance of upstream industries such as metallurgy, chemical industry, and electronics in the region.
It can promote the integration of enterprises into the global industrial network, make the regional economy into the global framework, and integrate into the international market. Regional industrial clusters not only need to tap into regional internal resources, but also need to obtain foreign resources, so that industrial cluster companies have more opportunities, but also face more fierce challenges and competitions, and constantly upgrade the production process, product upgrades, value function upgrades And related industrial value chain upgrades. Such as Germany's fast-pass company, the original is to do the punching company, in the global competition, after the upgrade to do CNC punching machine, and then upgrade to do laser cutting machine, and only do the laser head, and further upgrade to do related industries of laser medical machinery, Promote the regional economy to embark on a new road to industrialization.
The advantages of regional industry culture
The long-term development of an industry in a region requires the support of regional industry culture. The components of engineering machinery are products with multiple varieties and small batches, and they are technically and financially intensive and have relatively low investment returns. Therefore, only in the context of local culture can the The construction machinery components have been continuously developed and developed rapidly from small to large in one area. The region has established a number of industrial clusters of construction machinery and parts, so that a large number of large and medium-sized enterprises in the process of sustainable development in a region, through the formal and social aspects of all aspects of the main unit, especially based on blood, geopolitical, informal informality The strengthening of contacts has made an area famous for the development of industrial machinery clusters. Make the government get more taxes, so that there are more investment opportunities and job opportunities in the local area. This long-term accumulation will produce a social, cultural, and institutional environment conducive to the development of the industry, and will enable various types of enterprises in the region, especially small and medium-sized enterprises, to have a rapid development and growth environment.
"Forces" - Internationalization of Industrial Clusters
The development of China's construction machinery parts and components has formed a relatively complete supporting relationship within the company (generally large-scale mainframe companies), within the group and across the country. Many types of mainframe products already have the world's largest supporting system. The question now is how to make it a world-class supporting system for construction machinery parts and components. This needs to solve the problem of the gap between the variety, function and quality of engineering components and world-class products. We only have the advantages of low cost and low price, and we need to increase the investment in science and technology and equipment, and require high-level scientific and technological personnel in many fields. Workers, this requires innovation from the industrial organization model. Foreign engineering machinery parts are mostly multinational corporations with a host system and parts system. No matter whether Carter, Komatsu or Liebherr, from the engine to the hydraulic components, the electrical control and the cab have established distinctive features. The key components supporting R & D and production system. And most of the patented technologies are on these key components. This requires the company to invest heavily in parts and components. Large-scale state-owned construction machinery companies in China have a large and complete production system, but they are generally unable to invest heavily in parts and components. Therefore, even if China’s construction machinery starts to develop earlier than Korea, Japan is quite similar, but our country’s spare parts technology level is wider than that of foreign countries, and the gap is wider than the host level. With the improvement of our openness to the outside world, on the one hand we have made rapid progress in our country’s construction machinery main engine and parts, and the other The aspect makes us more dependent on foreign products in the matching of key components. Some host products, such as mixers and crawler excavators, rely on imports or foreign companies, which is an urgent issue for us to study. It is necessary to seek an industrial organization model that is in line with modern market economic development laws and China's actual conditions. The developed countries already have mature industrial cluster areas. For example, in the United Kingdom, there were 154 industrial clusters in 1999 and were distributed in 12 countries. In the region, on average, there are 8 to 18 different industrial clusters in each region. Detroit in the United States is the world’s The automobile industry cluster area. In the past, the construction machinery industry, if it is based on specialization and collectivization, has gradually established several industrial cluster areas with a combination of mainframes and key components. This may be a promising choice for development. I sincerely hope that Some regional leaders and industry entrepreneurs who have the advantage of construction machinery learn from Zhejiang's experience, can choose and develop this development approach, and do the following work in the establishment of the construction machinery host and parts industrial cluster area:
The first is that the parts and components companies participate in the research and development of the main engine plant. Without high-performance, high-reliability parts, it is impossible to have high-performance, high-reliability hosts. Conversely, with high-performance, high-reliability components, it does not necessarily have high-performance, high-reliability hosts. This is because there are performance and structure matching issues. Therefore, the R&D work of parts and components companies should be conducted jointly with the host company's R&D work. To enable parts and components companies to transition from "provided drawings" to "drawing approved", the implementation of modular design.
Secondly, in addition to the close relationship between the development of construction machinery parts and the host, various parts and components must strengthen the research and development of its own unique technologies. In the formation of a number of construction machinery industry clusters throughout the country have their own characteristics of the key zero Component technology system and system development capabilities.
Thirdly, the parts and components companies must form a scale. Key components can establish R&D and supporting relationships with each other in industrial clusters. General parts and components can enter domestic and international parts procurement systems and provide support for host companies at home and abroad.
Finally, the government should play a positive and guiding role in the development of industrial clusters of construction machinery parts and components.
(1) Support enterprises to form industrial clusters, carry out product innovation and technological innovation, and provide public financial support for R&D centers and technological innovation projects;
(2) Coordinate the investment activities among enterprises and guide the social private capital to invest in construction machinery;
(3) Collect and process information to provide reference for enterprises in product and technology upgrades;
(4) To provide credit support for the development projects of leading enterprises in industrial clusters and key component companies;
(5) In formulating industrial policies, the government must first give priority to supporting construction machinery parts and components enterprises and implement financial policy support;
(6) The use of government procurement projects to support the development of industrial clusters of construction machinery and components, and the use of domestically-produced components as main products in government procurement projects.
(b) Automobile parts
In terms of a huge auto parts market, China's auto parts industry is already an important part of the world auto industry. From the perspective of industrial competitiveness, the status of China’s auto parts companies in the international arena still cannot be met. In order to change this situation, narrow the gap with the advanced countries of the auto parts industry, increase the international competitive advantage of China's auto parts industry, and realize the dream of becoming a powerful country of auto parts and components, industrial clusters are imperative.
As we all know, the current status of the domestic auto parts industry is: the quantity is large, the scale is generally small, and the R&D capacity is obviously insufficient. The awareness of the company's quality and self-innovation is still weak, and it is under the material-intensive, labor-intensive and low-cost “advantageâ€. Sit and enjoy vicious competition and fight each other. At the same time, there are many problems in all aspects such as the resource allocation and enterprise management, intellectual property protection and the synergetic relationship between the vehicle.
With the large-scale mergers and acquisitions of multinational parts and components companies, most domestic small and medium-sized component companies are facing a worrisome future and will face “survival crisisâ€. At present, many auto OEMs in the world continue to reduce the rate of autonomy of parts and components and reduce the number of collaborating plants, and adopt strategies for global production and global procurement. From the original procurement to multiple parts manufacturers, they become procurements from a few system suppliers; Single part purchases are transformed into module purchases; from domestic purchases to global purchases. These changes have effectively promoted the independence and divestment between parts and components companies and vehicle companies. Vehicle companies globally purchase the necessary parts and components. Whoever buys a product with a good quality and low price does not have to stick to the original company's parts and components companies. In this case, in order to gain the advantages of negotiation, the parts and components companies have a closer cooperation relationship, which makes the global parts supply system gradually evolve toward the pagoda structure.
Editors believe that the domestic auto parts industry should take the road of industrial clusters in order to promote the healthy development of the domestic auto parts industry. The progress of the development of the auto parts industry in the world's major automobile-producing countries shows that the parts industry and the auto industry are basically developing at the same time. The United States and Europe spare parts industry is also ahead of the auto industry, Japan, South Korea auto parts industry lags behind the auto industry, but after taking measures, it catches up. China's experience has also shown that the construction of a vehicle factory will not guarantee the timely supply of parts and components if it fails to produce components, which will restrict the development of the vehicle factory. If a large number of imported parts and components are used for a long time, it will not only cost a lot of foreign exchange, but it will also be difficult for the auto industry to be in a strong position.
Therefore, we must not only pay attention to the development of vehicle production and ignore the production of parts and components. We need to place parts and vehicles in a position of simultaneous development. Because industrial clusters have the advantages of strengthening specialization, reducing costs, facilitating innovation, facilitating win-win cooperation between OEMs and parts and components companies, facilitating the cultivation and utilization of human resources, and facilitating the development of professional external services and supporting facilities. The advantages and effects of development and favorable for large-scale industries, etc. Therefore, domestic auto parts companies should take the road of industrial clusters, and it is possible to grasp a certain initiative in this unequal market competition from the beginning. So as soon as possible to shorten the distance with foreign companies and participate in market competition.
Domestic auto parts companies can only become stronger and bigger and strengthen their competitiveness if they take the road of industrial clusters. In the industrial cluster, auto parts enterprises can receive strong support from local government departments, enjoy preferential policies for industrial cluster development and various comprehensive and high-quality services, and ultimately achieve “less birth and educationâ€. At the same time, in the face of more powerful competitors, auto parts companies can focus their efforts on the core business or value chain core that has the strongest competitiveness or highest added value. That is, in an industrial cluster, each company only makes one part, or even one part, of a part, which enables a single company to specialize in the development and production of a product (or process). In this way, some companies in the same industry will gather together and will inevitably go toward professional and refined business development in order to survive and grow.
Only by taking the road of industrial clusters can domestic companies further reduce costs and increase their competitiveness. Because there is a specialized talent pool in the industrial cluster area, which can attract the best talents, this reduces the transaction costs of hiring professionals; there are a lot of professional information in the cluster area, personal relationships and various community contact networks make the information transfer very Fast, this reduces the company's information search costs; most of the upstream supporting products such as raw materials, parts and components needed for core product production can be obtained from other companies in the cluster, and it can save transportation costs and inventory costs, and can also provide suppliers with Ancillary services. Taken together, this division of labor model can bring about the benefits of economies of scale and detailed division of labor to reduce costs, thereby further enhancing the competitiveness of domestic auto parts companies in the international and domestic markets.
Domestic auto parts companies take the road of industrial clusters, and they can also strengthen their capacity for independent development. In the industrial cluster, the industrial network composed of the host plant and the component manufacturers has the convenience of being close to the market, and the new technology and new marketing service methods can spread rapidly. At the same time, due to geographical convenience, the parts factory and the main engine plant can strengthen communication and contact. The former can keep pace with the latter's simultaneous development and supporting collaboration, thus providing technological innovation and independent development for auto parts companies. Convenience and strong power.
Postscript
It can thus be seen that the formation and development of industrial clusters of construction machinery and auto parts industry are new requirements for the development of the times, and they are also a new stage of the industrial process under the market economy. In addition to adhering to and developing a path of professional cooperation, we must give full play to the enthusiasm of local governments and enterprises. Under the guidance of the government, through the market mechanism to reorganize the enterprise, a number of construction machinery industry clusters and cluster areas consisting of host companies, parts and components companies, and related industrial enterprises are formed nationwide, relying on the agglomeration effects and competitive advantages of distinctive industrial clusters. Accelerating the upgrade and development of the construction machinery and parts industry; for the auto parts industry, the development of industrial clusters will make them grow bigger and stronger, reduce costs further, enhance competitiveness and strengthen the capacity for independent development, narrowing down The gap between the advanced countries of the auto parts industry, the promotion of the international competitive advantage of China's auto parts industry, and the realization of dreams from the auto parts automaton to the auto parts autocracy, all have far-reaching implications! 