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Six large returning modes promote agricultural efficiency and increase farmers' income
[ China Agricultural Machinery Industry News ] In the past, most of the disposal methods of crop straw were incinerated, but this is not conducive to atmospheric environmental protection. Therefore, China vigorously promotes the utilization of straw resources, and returning straw to the field is a common method. Specifically, there are many forms of straw returning to the field, such as smashing and returning fields, covering the fields, fermenting the fields, and returning the fields to the fields.
Straw returning is a kind of fertilization and fertility improvement measure that is widely valued in the world today. While eliminating the air pollution caused by straw burning, it also has the effect of increasing fertilizer and increasing production. It can enhance the soil fertilizer and water retention performance, promote the formation of soil aggregate structure and improve physical properties. Strengthen the physiological activities of plants and microorganisms, and have the effect of protecting and inhibiting the growth of weeds. The organic acid produced by the decomposition of straw can neutralize the soil alkalinity, improve the soil's efficacy, degrade the residual pesticides and heavy metals in the soil, and provide the nutrients and trace elements needed by crops and microorganisms.
At present, there are many forms of straw returning to the field, mainly straw burning and returning to the field, straw mulching to return to the field, straw tumbling to return to the field, straw fermentation to return to the field, straw stalk returning to the field, etc., and these returning forms have their own advantages and disadvantages. Combined with the current actual and trend of straw returning to the field, the author analyzes the straw-field-returning mode from the perspective of straw resource utilization, returning field effect and circular economy, and promotes agricultural efficiency and farmers' income.
Six large returning modes promote agricultural efficiency and increase farmers' income
First, straw burning and returning to the field
Straw burning and returning to the field, as the name suggests, is to directly incinerate the straw, and the incinerated grass ash is applied to the soil. The method has the advantages of burning harmful grass seeds, eggs, pathogens and the like in the straw, and the elements such as calcium and potassium after incineration can be quickly absorbed and utilized by the crop. However, at the same time, a large amount of nutrients, carbohydrates, and proteins are released into the gas during the combustion process, resulting in waste of resources, as well as harmful substances such as exhaust gas and dust, which seriously pollute the air, damage the environment, and endanger human health. The fire has been banned by the state.
Second, the straw smashed back to the field
Straw smashing and returning to the field is a kind of utilization method of smashing straw and ploughing into the soil by mechanical means. It can use large-scale mechanical operation to pick grain, cut and smash straw, and return straw to field to reduce manpower. The rate of extraction can also completely retain the nutrients in the straw and supplement the soil organic matter, which is currently applied in some areas. However, this method is easy to cause excessive soil gap due to excessive or excessive straw (over-stalk of straw), which is not conducive to seed rooting, and it is easy to cause crops to be rooted; straw decomposition rate is slow, affecting rooting and germination of crops, mixed grass seeds , eggs, pathogens, etc. are easy to induce pests and diseases.
Third, the straw cover returns to the field
Straw mulching is to smash the straw and cover the surface of the soil. The method is simple and convenient to operate, and can directly mix a large amount of nutrients produced by the decomposition of straw into the soil, thereby reducing soil water dispersion and ensuring soil moisture. However, it also brings problems such as straw covering on the surface which is not conducive to sowing and irrigation, causing troubles for cultivation and field management, and at the same time, the slow decomposition of straw affects the rooting and germination of crops.
Fourth, straw fermentation returns to the field
Straw fermentation and returning to the field is a way of fertilizing and utilizing the straw after the straw is fermented and then applied as fertilizer to the soil. Using the principle of biological fermentation, through the decomposing effect, most of the eggs, pathogens and grass seeds in the straw can be killed to reduce the occurrence of diseases; the organic substances in the straw are fully decomposed, which is beneficial to the absorption of nutrients by the crops; Some livestock manure and enzymes increase fertilizer nutrients, inhibit pathogens, and promote healthy and rapid growth of crops. However, due to technical constraints, this method is not uniform in fermentation, and it is difficult to achieve complete fermentation, and the fermentation takes up a very large space and time, and at the same time, the labor intensity is large, and it takes a lot of labor.
Five, straw over the abdomen
The straw is fed back to the field, and the straw is fed to the livestock, and the produced feces are used as organic fertilizer to return to the soil. It can form an ecological cycle model of planting and breeding, which is conducive to the sustainable development of agriculture. It not only provides abundant nutrients for poultry, promotes animal growth, but also provides organic fertilizer, fertilizes soil and fertilizes, and promotes increased yield and income. However, because the technology needs to be thoroughly fermented and decomposed, and needs to be combined with cultivation and breeding, it is not conducive to the operation of small farmers.
Sixth, straw off-field return to the field (stalk rapid production of organic fertilizer)
Straw leave-field returning field is to use the fast off-field baler to store and store the straw. Using the “fast fertilizer machineâ€, the straw is used as the main raw material to make the organic fertilizer, and then applied to the crop to achieve the scientific straw. The way of the field. Using harmless pretreatment technology to eliminate cross-contamination from the source, this technology can kill pests and diseases and various bacteria to a large extent, compared with the traditional stacking and organic fertilizer plant turning mode, to achieve agricultural non-point source pollution. purpose. It has low requirements on the site, does not need to build a large yard, is not affected by the weather, can handle waste at the source of pollution, and greatly saves logistics costs. The technology is advanced in equipment and high in output. One set of equipment can handle agricultural waste generated from 2000-5000 mu of field. The whole production process is safe, environmentally friendly, and the equipment is highly automated. It adopts integrated design and one-button operation. After simple training, the equipment can be used for one-person operation. The processing speed is fast, and the waste is made into fine organic fertilizer in 6-8 hours. . Can change the traditional compost to bio-fertilizer, can produce a variety of functional fertilizers, such as "bio-control grass organic fertilizer", "acid soil conditioning agent", "water-controlled alkali-specific organic fertilizer", "heavy metal contaminated soil repair special organic fertilizer "The products, not only scientifically, the fertilizer is high, the organic matter can reach more than 60%, the total nutrient can reach 8%, and the fertilizer can be changed to the fertilizer to return to the field. At the same time, after applying this kind of organic fertilizer, a large number of probiotics, along with the application of straw organic fertilizer into the soil, can greatly improve the soil environment, fertilize soil fertility, and promote the absorption of nutrients by crops, thereby increasing crop yield and income.
Combining the above-mentioned various types of straw returning, the straw-returning field returning technology has significant advantages such as high utilization rate of straw, strong energy efficiency, and outstanding cost performance. The technology adopts the concept of circular economy and “sows the straw†to the country. The comprehensive utilization of straw and the industrial policy of weight loss and efficiency increase not only can significantly improve and control the soil structure, but also promote agricultural quality improvement and efficiency, farmers increase production and income, and have a positive effect on sustainable agricultural development and ecological environmental protection. popular.